How have ideas about race been shaped by changing economic, social and Essay

How have thoughts regarding race been molded by evolving monetary, social and political conditions - Essay Example The individuals who have a place with a specific ethnic gathering keep up shared social legacies, language, social belief systems, religions, ceremonies and organic family (Peoples and Bailey 2010). By applying a definition to ethnicity, society can make qualifications between various social gatherings. Race, in any case, is a develop that is completely accommodating of anatomical characteristics. Race is characterized by Cornell and Hartman (2007) as the technique by which gatherings can characterize themselves through the shared characteristic of physical properties that are shared organically all through a general public or culture. Race is controlled by the implying that is set on these mutual attributes. Individuals who share regular physical highlights figure out which explicit properties are critical and afterward endeavor to compose bunches as indicated by an apparent arrangement of limits and afterward create social belief systems that give the previously mentioned limits or characterisation a significant importance which fills in as the establishment for race. Thus, race is a lot of a social creation while ethnicity is progressively worried about the unmistakable similitudes of a specific gathering. Race serves to shape the social and political procedures by which the world is grouped and composed. The idea of race was shaped in worldwide and provincial societies as a result of different socio-political frameworks that perceived refusal and opportunity (Dalmage 2010). Race has gotten significantly established in the structures that manage social orders, a type of organization of saw human worth and importance built through hundreds of years of evolving monetary, political and social conditions. The origination of race as a social understanding is ever-changing and the implications and qualities alloted to different races advance when it gets invaluable to those keeping up power inside a general public. The individuals who speak to prevailing gatherings, for example, the European whites in the seventeenth Century, regularly dole out race to less-advantaged bunches as a technique

Project Report free essay sample

The execution of encoder-decoder included transformation of the Fixed point number to Standard Logic vector. After the encoding and disentangling process the Slandered Logic vector is changed over back to Fixed point number at that point back to Real Number portrayal. Quantization mistake is determined structure the distinction among information and yield genuine numbers. We have used Xilinx ISE test system and IEEE proposed Fixed Point bundle during execution of the undertakings. Figure 1 shows the square outline portrayal of the proposed framework. Information (Type: Real) Test Values Real To Fixed Point Conversion Signed Quantization Level (3 downto - 4) Resolution (0. 0625) Fixed Point to IEEE Standard Bit Vector Conversion Hex Encoding Binary to Octal Encoding/Encryption Hex Encoding Octal to Binary Decoding/Decryption Hex Encoding IEEE Standard Bit Vector to Fixed Point Conversion Fixed Point To Conversion Real Type Conversion Error Calculation Figure 1: Block Diagram of Complete Simulation Model 1. 1 Fixed Point Package : Fixed point is a stage between whole number math and coasting point. We will compose a custom article test on Task Report or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This has the benefit of being nearly as quick as numeric_std number-crunching, yet ready to speak to numbers that are under 1. 0. A fixed-point number has an allocated width and an appointed area for the decimal point. For whatever length of time that the number is sufficiently large to give enough accuracy, fixed point is fine for most DSP applications. Since it depends on whole number math, it is incredibly productive, as long as the information doesn't change a lot in greatness. This bundle characterizes two new sorts: â€Å"ufixed† is the unsigned fixed point, and â€Å"sfixed† is the marked fixed point. 1. 2 IEEE gliding point portrayals of genuine numbers No human arrangement of numeration can give an interesting portrayal to each genuine number; there are simply an excessive number of them. So it is traditional to utilize approximations. For example, the declaration that pi is 3. 14159 is, carefully, bogus, since pi is quite bigger than 3. 14159; however by and by we in some cases utilize 3. 14159 in figurings including pi since it is an adequate estimation of pi. One way to deal with speaking to genuine numbers, at that point, is to determine some resilience epsilon and to state that a genuine number x can be approximated by any number in the range from x epsilon to x + epsilon. At that point, if an arrangement of numeration can speak to chosen numbers that are never more than twice epsilon separated, each genuine number has a representable estimation. For example, in the United States, the costs of stocks are given in dollars and eighths of a dollar, and adjusted to the closest eighth of a dollar; this relates to a resistance of one-sixteenth of a dollar. In retail business, nonetheless, the traditional resilience is a large portion of a penny; that is, costs are adjusted to the closest penny. For this situation, we can speak to a total of cash as an entire number of pennies, or proportionally as various dollars that is indicated to two decimal spots. Researchers and architects some time in the past figured out how to adapt to this issue by utilizing logical documentation, in which a number is communicated as the result of a mantissa and some intensity of ten. The mantissa is a marked number with an outright worth more prominent than or equivalent to one and under ten. In this way, for example, the speed of light in vacuum is 2. 99792458 x 10^8 meters for each second, and one can indicate just the digits about which one is totally sure. Utilizing logical documentation, one can without much of a stretch see both that 1. x 10^-2 is more than twice as extensive as 6 x 10^-3, and that both are near 1 x 10^-2; and one can without much of a stretch recognize 4 x 10^-3 and - 7 x 10^-4 as little quantities of inverse sign. The guidelines for ascertaining with logical documentation numerals are somewhat more convoluted, however the advantages are tremendous. The three things that change in logical documentation are the sign and the supreme estimation of the mantissa and the type on the intensity of ten. An arrangement of numeration for genuine numbers that is adjusted to PCs will commonly store a similar three information a sign, a mantissa, and an example into a dispensed locale of capacity. By stand out from fixed-point portrayals, these PC analogs of logical documentation are depicted as skimming point portrayals. The example doesn't generally show an intensity of ten; once in a while powers of sixteen are utilized rather, or, most usually of all, forces of two. The numerals will be to some degree diverse depending how this decision is made. For example, the genuine number - 0. 125 will be communicated as - 1. 25 x 10^-1 if forces of ten are utilized, or as - 2 x 16^-1 if forces of sixteen are utilized, or as - 1 x 2^-3 if forces of two are utilized. The total estimation of the mantissa is, notwithstanding, constantly more prominent than or equivalent to 1 and not exactly the base of numeration. The specific framework utilized on MathLAN PCs was figured and suggested as a standard by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and is the most ordinarily utilized numeration framework for PC portrayal of genuine numbers. In reality, their standard incorporates a few variations of the framework, contingent upon how much stockpiling is accessible for a genuine number. Well talk about two of these variations, the two of which utilize twofold numeration and forces of 2: the IEEE single-exactness portrayal, which fits in thirty-two bits, and the IEEE twofold accuracy portrayal, which involves sixty-four bits. Well start with single-exactness numbers, since it is this portrayal that is utilized in HP Pascal for estimations of the Real information type. In the IEEE single-accuracy portrayal of a genuine number, the slightest bit is saved for the sign, and it is set to 0 for a positive number and to 1 for a negative one. A portrayal of the type is put away in the following eight bits, and the staying twenty-three bits are involved by a portrayal of the mantissa of the number. The example, which is a marked whole number in the range from - 126 to 127, is spoken to neither as a marked greatness nor as a twos-supplement number, yet as a one-sided esteem. The thought here is that the whole numbers in the ideal scope of examples are first balanced by adding a fixed inclination to every one. The inclination is picked to be sufficiently huge to change over each whole number in the range into a positive number, which is then put away as a paired numeral.

Poetry Books for People Who are Afraid of Poetry

Poetry Books for People Who are Afraid of Poetry Poetry is intimidating. There sometimes seems to be no middle ground between the always accessible Shel Silverstein and the linguistic labyrinths of Shakespeare. As a lover of both Silverstein and the bard, the poetry that terrified me was basically the poetry that didnt rhyme. Anything free verse or modernist or experimental was nonsensical to me. If I didnt “get it,” not only did I miss out on the meaning, I felt stupid, and nobody wants to feel stupid. Its easy to dislike things that make us uncomfortable and fall into an ever escalating trend of avoidance, but very often the imagined cloud of mystery is hiding something not so scary at all. Getting Started A Book of Luminous Things: An International Anthology of Poetry Compiled by poet laureate Czeslaw Milosz, this book is an anthology of over 300 poems from around the world and across time periods. Milosz holds your hand through the disjointed journey, providing commentary for every poem about why he liked it and why he placed it in the book. The commentary is as valuable as the poetry itself because of its honesty. There is no extreme analysis or need for a large vocabulary of theory and form, there is just genuine and casual reflection from a huge force in the history of poetry. The poems are diverse, simple, and interesting, and the book provides a great opportunity to follow-up on authors of poems you enjoyed to develop your own opinions and interests. You may even want to pick up some of Miloszs poetry after getting to know him through his choices and explanations. Collections Reading a collection is very different than reading an isolated poem. You see the process of how a poet thought about a certain idea. Poems in a collection are often similar and lead into the next. This can be good and bad. When you read a great poem in isolation, it seems like this amazing, perfect thing. Learning more about the authors obsessions through their other work can give you a better picture of their experiences and sensibilities, but it can also get rid of the impression that a poem is a finished work. When you read a collection you see the sketches behind the final outline. Here are a couple recommendations for simple collections. Rose  by Li Young Lee Li Young Lees first collection, Rose, is a short and sweet introduction to simple yet emotional poetry. Lee is originally from Indonesia, and addresses his fathers tragic history as a political prisoner in China  through natural and seemingly peaceful symbols. What Narcissism Means to Me  by Tony Hoagland Tony Hoaglands laid-back and sarcastic voice is definitely good company. What Narcissism Means to Me is a heartfelt journey through America in the 60s and 70s. One of my favorite lines of poetry is from the poem Social Life; What I like about the trees is how / They do not talk about the failure of their parents / And what I like about the grasses is that/ They are not grasses in recovery / And what I like about the flowers is / That they are not flowers in need of empowerment or validation. They sway / Upon their thorny stems / As if whatever was about to happen next tonight / was sure to be completely interesting The Verse Novel Critics argue about the death of a lot of literary things. Print is dead. The novel is dead. Plot is dead. We know that none of these things are dead, especially not plot, and while poetry can help us appreciate language and value the way a thing is said instead of what is being said, it can also be used to tell a story. Brown Girl Dreaming  by Jacqueline Woodson By putting this novel in verse, Woodson gives herself a unique amount of freedom to put the dreaminess into Brown Girl Dreaming. The verse novel is Woodsons own playful memoir, addressing her childhood in the 60s and 70s and her growing awareness of the larger racial issues around her. Autobiography of Red by Anne Carson This book is not for someone who feels the need to get a poem, because you will almost certainly not know whats going on at some point while reading it. The book follows the story of the red winged monster, Geryon, as he grows up in an abusive household and struggles with a relationship with a young man named Herakles. While the plot is sometimes ambiguous, the use of language is  so interesting and innovative that  you almost dont even need to know whats happening at all. Contemporary Issues Another common misconception is that poetry books are  inherently dated, but there is so much beautiful and current work being done that examines some of the hardest questions we face today. Citizen by Claudia Rankine Winner of the National Book Critics Circle Award, Citizen takes on racism in America through lyrical essays, images, and poetry. Rankine challenges both the individual and collective effects of institutionalized racism in 21st century America. Engine Empire by Cathy Park Hong Engine Empire is a poetic trilogy examining industrialization, racial identity, and the potential collective consciousness created by the Internet of Things. The third and final section, entitled World Cloud, takes place in a fictionalized future where everything including personal memories and every story ever told is immediately accessible. Hong is one of the first authors, let alone poets, I have found who takes on our generational dilemma of information overload, and provides a literary interpretation of technologies that are becoming increasingly  important to our daily lives.

Alzheimer s Disease A Progressive Deterioration Of Neurons

Almost everyone has experienced the situation where he sees someone familiar, but cannot think of that person’s name, or he has shopped in a mall and cannot remember where the car is parked. Anyone over the age of sixty-five would probably panic, fearing that he has Alzheimer’s disease, since age is a huge risk factor related to memory loss. He may ask himself, â€Å"Is something wrong with me, or am I just getting old?† Much of our population is terrified of developing Alzheimer’s disease or of watching a loved one slowly and gradually fade away. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia, which is when the brain loses the ability to function mostly in keeping short-term memories, progressing to lack of cognitive function, and eventually causing death (Atkins, 2008, pp. 3). Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive deterioration of neurons in multiple different areas of the brain that appears in about eleven percent of men and women over the age of sixty-five and only about five percent of total cases include people under the age of sixty-five. Over a period of an average of eight years after diagnosis, Alzheimer’s disease takes over the brain completely and the victim has short-term memory loss, cannot recognize familiar faces, has trouble performing activities of daily life, can no longer reason, cannot comprehend or think of words, and eventually may not be able to eat or swallow. As the disease takes over the brain stem, basic bodily functions, such as respiration,Show MoreRelatedThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease1421 Words   |  6 Pagesengulfed by a mysterious disease. The neurons being cut off and destroyed by two abnormal structures. First memory is affected gradually getting worse. Then one is unable to think properly, reason, and la cks of self control. Gaps are formed in the brain s ventricles, due to the amount of dead tissue. In the end, it will lead to death. All of this may sound like something from a science fiction movie but infact its very real. These are all known possible symptoms of a common disease that affects aboutRead MoreIs Alzheimer s Disease And What Is The Best Way For Avoid It1092 Words   |  5 PagesWhat Is Alzheimer s Disease and What Is the Best Way to Avoid It By Barry R Parker | Submitted On June 17, 2014 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Barry R Parker What is Alzheimer s DiseaseRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease And Other Memory Disorders1101 Words   |  5 PagesKennedy Cooper Biotechnology 5th period What are scientists using to diagnose Alzheimer s Disease and other memory disorders early and why should they do so when there is still no cure for it?more Alzheimer s disease is a progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions. It is also the disease that took my grandfather. Since there is no cure and because of how late he was diagnosed, there was little the doctors could do for him. I personally noticed changes in my grandfatherRead MoreAlzheimer s A Progressive Disease865 Words   |  4 Pagesin their place: gradually losing your freedom, your memory, and your very own identity. Alzheimer’s is a progressive disease that slowly destroys the brain’s function of memory and cognition. Eventually, it terminates the person’s ability to do everyday tasks and requires the person to be under around-the-clock care. Alzheimer’s disease is named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer. In 1906, Dr. Alzheimer noticed changes in the brain tissue of a woman who had died of an unknown mental illness (â€Å"Alzheimer’sRead More Alzheimers Disease Essay1733 Words   |  7 Pages Alzheimers Disease Alzheimer ¡Ã‚ ¦s disease is a slow, progressive, and degenerative disease of the brain. This disease is marked by a gradual loss of memory and other cognitive functions. quot;Alzheimers Disease is also known as the most common cause of dementia--a general term referring to the loss of memory and the ability to think, reason, function, and behave properlyquot; (Medina,1999). It primarily affects adults in their 60s or older and eventually destroys a persons ability to performRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : The Most Common Form Of Dementia1427 Words   |  6 PagesDementia, known as one of the world s current pandemics, is estimated to be the fourth most common cause of death in the developed country, second only to cardiovascular, cerebrovascular diseases and cancer. With the aging population, dementia has gradually become a serious threat to the health of the elderly people in Australia. Alzheimer s disease is the most common form of dementia. Alzheimer s disease usually occurs in a primary degenerative encephalopathy in senile and pre senior periodRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Illness1399 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding of health and illness is variable. The way that a society views and interprets an illness deviates from the raw, natural interpretation made by biologists and physicians. It is believed that illness, a social phenomenon, is created out of disease, a biological phenomenon, through social construction. Social construction of illness emphasizes that the meaning of illness develops through interaction in a social context. While the medical model assumes that illness is invariant in time andRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Progressive Decline1240 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimer’s disease is a progressive decline in cognitive function. It affects the brain by damaging brain cells resulting in a decreased in cognitive function, physica l mobility, swallowing and fine motor skills. This disease approximately 5.1 million Americans aged sixty-five or older (Alzheimer s Association, 2015) of which approximately 700,000 will likely die this year (Alzheimer s Association, 2015) of related symptoms such as aspiration pneumonia due to decreased swallowing ability. TheRead MoreMemories Are Valuable Precious Artifacts Of The Mind Essay1332 Words   |  6 Pagesway we remember things and if we remember things. Perhaps a traumatic brain injury, an untreated infection that has spread to the brain, or a brain tumor, even though these rarely take the blame this is still a possibility. Treatments for incurable diseases may cause memory problems with memory due to the adverse effects they have on the body and mind. Remembering what we are, what kind of person we used to be, and how we lived is vital to our identity. Alzheimer’s and Amnesia are equally similar asRead MoreAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis1478 Words   |  6 PagesALS or Lou Gehrigs disease, is a disease of the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that control voluntary muscle movement. Jean-Marie Charcot was the first to recognize ALS as a distinct neurological disease with its own unique pathology. In ALS, nerve cells degenerate and deteriorate, and are unable to transmit messages to muscles. In around 90% of the cases of ALS, the cause remains unknown. Studies have concentrated on the responsibility of glutamate in motor neuron degeneration. Glutamate

Unusual Article Uncovers the Deceptive Practices of Research Paper Help Online

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Active Involvement Free Essays

Active involvement is being involved and with on camps events like clubs sports teams and drama productions like acting in a play singing or playing an instrument. I have been involved in all these fields. For example I worked with the drama production class setting up the play â€Å"I hate hamlet† that went on this semester. We will write a custom essay sample on Active Involvement or any similar topic only for you Order Now I was in charge of the light and sound cues that were in the play. I really enjoyed my time working on this play. I learned a lot from the different people that were working with us. Actor’s backstage managers and the props people. Working together to put a play was a very hard job; we had to work as a team helping each other with different chores. We faced a lot of conflicts, which was very normal for a drama class to suffer from but in the end we put up the play and everybody enjoyed it. I am also on the volleyball team of auk. I am learning a lot. It is a must to work as whole not as single individuals when you’re on a team. Communication is key. Without communication we would have chaos on our team, and we wouldn’t be able to play properly. This impacted my college experience by teaching me important qualities that I will use later in life. For example, thinking before speaking, Communication, respect and patience. I got into a fight with my drama professor because I used to have a very bad way of communicating with my peers. I am a vey low tempered person, and that caused me to have problems with the team I was working with. But with time I learned that not everything has to work my way even if it was the right way, but I must listen to others views and opinions and take them into consideration before taking action on my own thoughts. This experience will help me a lot in the future by making me a better person with dealing with matters that involve dissension taking and organizing events. I am very thankful to this opportunity that showed me a better quality in me that I’m still working on, making it better everyday. I recommend freshman’s to get involved in sports and drama classes because to me success can be measured by how well a persons social intelligence is, a person that knows how to deal with certain situations and solves the conflict without making a big scan is a successful person and will see him or her self in the future as a leader. Sports will get you involved with a healthy lifestyle and gets you engaged with different people with different backgrounds and lets you create contacts around the collage campus. How to cite Active Involvement, Papers

A-Level Physics Investigation The Ski Jumper Essay Example

A-Level Physics Investigation: The Ski Jumper Essay To find out how the starting position of a ski jumper affects the horizontal distance travelled in the jump. We will model the jumper and the ski slope as a ball bearing and a curtain rail. We will not take air resistance, friction and other various type of energy lost into account. However in practical we have to keep in mind that they do exist and causes variation in our results.Factors which affects the range:Changing the vertical height of drop from the slope (h) would vary the range. This is because according to the law of conservation of energy, it cannot be made or destroyed but transferred. To apply this law into this practical, we can say all of the GPE (Gravitational Potential Energy) is converted into KE (Kinetic Energy) assuming no energy is wasted. As a result, GPE is equal to KE. Hence if mass (kg) and acceleration (ms-2) due to gravity remains constant, varying the height (metres) would directly affect the velocity (ms-1).mgh = 1/2 mv2So we are saying GPE lost causes a gain in KE. Ultimately, the greater the height dropped the greater the velocity it has when leaving the ramp and consequently greater the range. With this theory, we can confidently say that changing the gradient would not make a difference to the range if the height remains constant. What will happen is that the object simply accelerates faster but the time varies. However if the drop height on slope and other factors remains the same, the velocity of the ball leaving the ramp should be theoretically, identical. Furthermore it is a very difficult task to perform, as the ramp needs to bend and unbend, thus deteriorating the accuracy.The launch angle is another factor affecting the range. This is because it gives the particle a vertical velocity component rather than just a horizontal component. As a result this varies the time period of the object in the air. However in practical, it is difficult to alter the launch angle as the equipments are fixed. It would cause significant erro rs and therefore it would not be a good variable for this investigation.The drop height(s) is an obvious variable as it varies the time of flight in the air thus changing the range. But it is a difficult one to adjust as we dont have any appropriate apparatus to do this accurately and systematically. Hence this is not a suitable variable to investigate.HypothesisWe have decided to investigate how the vertical height of drop on the slope relates with the range achieved. As explained earlier on, the greater the height, the greater the range. This is because more GPE [mgh = mass (kg) * acceleration due to gravity (ms-2) * height of drop (m)] is converted into KE [1/2mv2 = 1/2 * mass (kg) * velocity (ms-1)]. Since the two masses will cancel out while acceleration due to gravity is assumed to remain constant, we can say that as height increases, the velocity gain would increase proportionally. By neglecting the existence of friction, air drag and other form of resistance causing energy b eing wasted, we are assuming that all GPE is transferred into KE. Theoretically I am correct, but in real life all these complications exist and I might find varied results.To calculate the range, we have to find the horizontal and vertical component separately. Since we are ignoring any type of resistance, the ball which is modelled as a particle should have a constant horizontal velocity at the moment it reaches zero GPE level. This is when the ball is at the point of the ramp where it is parallel with the table. This is the point of maximum KE and zero GPE, hence the ball should be at a constant speed. At the moment it leaves the ramp it will move freely under gravity causing only a downward acceleration. As a result the drop height has no effect on the horizontal velocity but vertically. Hence this is the component that determines the time of flight.To find the velocity it leaves the ramp (horizontal):GPE lost = KE gainmgh = 1/2mv2gh = 1/2v2v2 = 2ghv = V(2gh)To find the time of flight (vertical):s = ut + 1/2 gt2s = 1/2 gt2t2 = 2s /gt = V(2s / g)Now finally we can use a very basic formula to find the range. We have got the velocity which is determined by the height on the slope where the ball is dropped. And also the time of flight is determined only by the vertical component. By substituting them together correctly we should be able to get the range.Range = Velocity * Timer = V(2gh) * V(2s/g)r = V2 * Vg * Vh * V2 * Vs / Vgr = 2 * VhsPreliminary TestI did some preliminary trials for selecting the appropriate equipment and setting up the apparatus before planning the actual experiment. This allows me to decide the best equipment, thus increasing the accuracy of my results.The first problem I encountered was bending the rail. It was difficult to make the launch angle flat. In the end I have found another method. Since the table was flat which was measured with a spirit level, I decided to force the flat part of the rail into the table. This worked extremely w ell as the entire part was aligned with the table. To double check whether it was perfectly flat, I used the spirit level again and unsurprisingly the bubble of air was right in the middle indicating its flat.Once the rail was set and clamped in place, I started my trial run. I have tried using ball of different sizes and found that the smaller one seem to hit something coming down the rail. When I tried the large one, there was no problem at all. I suspect this is because the smaller ball is easily affected by dust particles.I used a sand tray to measure the landing spot of the ball. At first everything seemed to work out fine. But once I was dropping the ball from greater vertical height, the ball would often roll or even bounce back up. To resolve this, I used a sand tray with more sand making it thicker. As a result the sand would be able to absorb more of the balls kinetic energy.Ultimately in my plan I have selected the equipment I felt best for sensitivity and accuracy before I start obtaining my results. Hence the method and apparatus I am using to obtain my results are reasonably accurate and reliable.ApparatusMethod1. First we have to set-up the apparatus as above. We will need to measure the height of the table from the ground and the height of the slope from the table. By adding the height of the slope from the table to the height of the table from the floor, we could find out the overall drop height mentioned earlier on. The value I obtained for the height of the table was 0.93m from our preliminary test.2. After getting the apparatus ready, we will start the experiment right away. We will be dropping various heights on the slope, from 5cm to 40cm with 5cm intervals. To do this, we hold the ball according to the height on the rail and release it. It will then travel down and into the sand tray leaving a mark similar to half a sphere. I will be repeating each drop three times and then taking an average to ensure accuracy.3. We will measure from the centre of the mark to the end of the sand tray closer to the edge of the table. By adding this value we obtain with 15cm, we will acquire the final value of the range.Experimental errors and UncertaintiesThere are superficial errors with the ruler I will be using. The edge of the ruler I will be using is not 0cm. The 0cm indictor is actually 0.3 cm from the edge. As a result I need to minus 0.3cm from the reading I obtain. The ruler needs to be placed flat on the surface and touch the edge of the sand tray. Furthermore when I measure the reading, I have to read it off perpendicularly so that its more accurate.Since all the rulers we use are to the nearest millimetres, we will have absolute errors occurring. We would have inaccuracies determining the height of slope, the drop height, range and the actual reading. As a result we would have four areas giving us an error of ?0.05cm. As a result the least and greatest reading of the range we would get is approximately 0.18cm after a sim ple calculation using the equation we obtained earlier on and some addition. Therefore for every reading we obtain we will have a fixed absolute uncertainty of ?0.18cm. This error is rather small, as the percentage error would not even go beyond 2%. Moreover this error would further compromise as the range increases.Fair TestIn order for a fair test we must keep all other factors affecting the result constant. The launch angle must be secure and ensured to be flat, as it would affect the time of flight, thus affecting the range. Theoretically it doesnt matter what size or mass of ball to use, but practically there is resistance, thus we must use the same one every time. As for the rail, the gradient should have no effect either, but different rails might cause different results due to its roughness and other factors and therefore we will use the same one. Finally the air in the room will be very calm as windows will be closed and so there will be little air ventilation.ResultsHeight of slope (m)Actual Range(m)AverageVelocity(m/s)Time of flight(s)PotentialRangePercentageDifference between actual Range and Potential Range(%)Percentageof range achieved(%)0.450.95,0.96,0.970.962.970.531.5839610.400.90,0.89,0.890.892.800.521.4639610.350.83,0.83,0.840.832.620.511.3438620.300.78,0.78,0.780.782.420.501.2136640.250.71,0.71,0.710.712.210.491.0935650.200.64,0.65,0.640.641.980.480.953367ConclusionStudying graph 1, we can clearly see that as the greater the height dropped on the slope, the greater the range. This is because greater the drop is, the more gravitational potential energy (given by mgh) is converted into kinetic energy (1/2mv2). As a result, the ball which is treated as a particle, gains more horizontal velocity leaving the curtain rail. For more in depth detail, we can refer back to the plan.It is really common sense that dropping from a greater height on the slope leads to a greater range. However our result differs from the potential range that can be achiev ed. This is because the way our potential results are calculated uses formula that assumes no energy is wasted. This includes energy transferred into heat and sound due to friction and air drag. Obviously we know it existed in our experiment, hence we can see that our actual result is lower than the potential range. From the results table we can see that the percentage of the potential range achieved decreases as the dropping height on the slope increases.This situation occurs when the velocity of the particle increases, the counter forces, also termed as retardation force increases which is air drag in this case. It exists because air molecules are colliding into the body causing an exact opposing force. In our situation it is travelling on the rail slope freely due to gravity, thus this means the force in the direction it is travelling which is parallel to the slope is constant (given that gravity is constant). Since the counter force increases as velocity increases acting in the exact opposite way of the direction of motion, the resultant force of the particle along the plane becomes smaller. As a result, according to Newtons 2nd law (F = ma), due to smaller resultant force, the acceleration decreases. This has an effect on the range, as the velocity of the ball leaving the slope would be smaller. The calculations we used to find out the potential range omitted these factors.EvaluationIn general the experiment proceeded rather smoothly with superficial problems. The result obtained was very satisfying with the available equipment in hand. However there are several ways we could further improve the accuracy of our experiment.Firstly, our experiment could have been more efficient and accurate. Very often when the ball lands on the sand tray, it does not leave a clear mark, thus we have to retry it. To resolve this situation, we could have used even thicker layer of sand or simply use the carbon paper. Also from time to time, I have to shake the sand tray to m ake the sand surface flat. This again wastes time and causes minor errors. Actually, with a proper set up, measuring the range with the carbon paper can be less time consuming and giving us an even more accurate result. Fortunately this would not have an apparent effect or disagreement on the hypothesis and conclusion we have made.Secondly I have also discovered that the sand tray would move slightly outward when dropping the ball at greater height on the slope. I think this is because at the moment of impact, the ball has a greater horizontal velocity. To resolve this problem, I have to check whether the sand tray is back into its position after impact. As a result, I decide to use carbon paper instead next time when recording the range.Also, when dropping the ball, it will not have been dropped from the exact point every time, as this is virtually impossible. To overcome this problem, some kind of release mechanism would ensure that the ball is dropped from the same point on the s lope every time.All of these have virtually no effect on our result or conclusion at all. Instead there is something we could alter that would have assisted us in concluding the formula. For example, a working condition where air resistance is zero. In other words, working in a vacuum environment. As a result, the condition we are working in is more similar to the assumptions we have made using the formula. With common sense, we can expect this condition would yield a greater range.With no air resistance, I can say that our actual range would be greater because the velocity leaving the ramp is getting closer to the calculated value using the idea that potential gravitation energy lost is equal to the kinetic energy gain. Basically, more of the GPE is converted into kinetic energy. As a result when plotting graph2 again with the new conditions, we would expect a steeper gradient or a gradient that is nearly the same as the one we have calculated. Ultimately, it can give us stronger e vidence that the formula is spot on, even though the degree accuracy we currently have is sufficient.